THE BATTLE OF KHANWA: 1527

BABUR VS. SANGRAM SINGHA

ANOTHER CASE OF A HINDU BETRAYAL

SARASIJ MAJUMDER

Babur gained a TOE HOLD, by winning First Battle of Panipat , where decision itself was contentious; but decisive win in KHANWA CEMENTED HIS POSITION IN INDIA. Rajput resistance got decimated for at least one and a half generation.

It’s a surprise that in  school curriculum of History books of India, this very important  battle has not found its proper place.

The Battle of Khanwa was a decisive engagement between the Mughal forces under Babur and the Rajput alliance under Rana Sanga (SANGRAM SINGHA) of Mewar. The battle was fought on 16 March 1527.

It ended in a decisive victory for the Mughal forces and would consolidate Babur and   paved the way for his descendants to rule of INDIA  for centuries to come.

BACKGROUND OF THE BATTLE OF KHANWA

Babur had embarked on a campaign of conquest to fulfil the legacy of his ancestor, Timur. Up until 1524, he was aiming to expand his rule in the Punjab region but certain events led to him expanding far beyond the original confines of Timur’s erstwhile empire.

• The decline of the Delhi Sultanate under the Lodi Dynasty presented fresh opportunities for conquest
• Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi to invade Delhi. However, Daulat Khan betrayed Babur, subverted the Mughal garrison at Sialkot and marched towards Lahore.
• The Mughals defeated Daulat Khan near the city and they were the undisputed lords of Punjab. Following this, Babur would go on to destroy Ibrahim Lodi’s army at the first battle of Panipat, which would lead to the beginning of the Mughal Empire.

While these events took place, Rana Sangha made no move despite the Mughals taking over Agra. Historians such as Satish Chandra speculated that Rana Sanga was playing a waiting game to see who would be victorious and what their next move would be.

Rana Sanga believed that Babur would just loot the treasuries of Delhi before moving back to Kabul. This would open the way for him to conquer the regions of Delhi and Agra. But intelligence gathered suggested that Babur was getting ready to consolidate his newly gained successes. Therefore, Rana Sanga, decided to wage war against the Mughal invader. Rana proceeded to build a grand alliance of Rajputs as well as of Afghans who were wary of Babur’s power.

The main objective of this coalition was to drive Babur away from India and restrict him only to his native place. It was then in the early months of March 1527, that Babur received news that an army of Afghans and Rajputs, were on their way towards his positions in Agra . He started mobilizing.

COMPOSITION OF THE ARMIES

Through many diplomatic means, Rana Sanga built a grand alliance not only of the Rajput Clans but also from other Afghan chiefs who had declared Mahmud Lodi, the younger son of Ibrahim Lodi, as the Sultan of Delhi, as successor of Ibrahim Lodi. A late alliance!

While the numbers of both the Rajput Alliance and Mughal Army have been exaggerated, it was agreed by most of the contemporary writers that the Rajputs outnumbered the Mughals greatly. Moreover, Babur’s army was demoralised hearing of the sheer number of their enemies and their fighting prowess. In order to enhance morale, Babur announced that he would forego all vices including drinking wine and publicly broke his stores of liquor. It did have some effect on the morale of the Mughal Army.

Knowing well that the sheer numbers of the Rajput’s would overwhelm his army, Babur came up with a defensive strategy ( I discussed this in my BLOG on First War of Panipat) which  fortified the Central encampments consisting of artillery. Combining the muskets and cannons, he would rain down a deadly blow on his enemies who did not possess firearms. The firing positions would be protected by carts fastened together with enough gaps for defensive cavalry to advance towards opposition. An old, but successful military strategy, repeated.

The heavy Turkic horsemen stood behind carts; two contingents of elite horsemen were kept in the reserve for a flanking manoeuvres. Thus, a strong offensive-defensive army formation had been prepared by Babur. It was a repeat strategy of Panipat.

EVENTS DURING THE BATTLE OF KHANWA

Arraying their forces in formation, the two sides were now face to face at Khanwa. Rana Sanga started the fight by leading a charge against the Mughal positions. The guns devastated and blunted the initial charge of the Rajput horses and elephants. Since the animals were not used to the sound produced by the firearms, they were frightened and the elephants even ended up trampling the Rajputs.

Finding the Mughal centre well defended, Rana Sanga ordered an attack on the Mughal flanks. For hours the battle continued with the Mughals raining down bullets and arrows while the Rajputs could mainly respond at close range.

Babur’s’ attempt at a flanking manoeuvre were disrupted as the Rajput cavalry relentlessly pushed back his men. Soon the sheer weight of the numbers began to take a toll on the Mughal army.

It was at this crucial juncture that the Rana Siladi, the Tomar of Raisen, , betrayed Rana Sanga and changed side to Babur’s army, and stiffened the failing FLANK.. His numbers were enough to tilt the balance of power in the Mughal’s favour. This forced the Rajput army to change their entire battle plan. During this time Rana Sanga was hit with a bullet and fell unconscious and this caused much confusion amongst the Rajput ranks. Taking advantage, the Mughals stepped up their attacks and soon the Rajput force began to get scattered.

The remaining Rajput commanders tried to rally their men by leading a frontal charge. That was another mistake.  If they charged the FLANKS, it might have yielded result. All of the FRONTAL CHARGES resulted in their deaths. Now left, almost leaderless, the Rajputs manage to take away their unconscious king out of the battle zone. Those that remained were killed in large numbers and soon the battle ended in a defeat for the Rajputs and their Afghan allies.

Consequence after  the Battle of Khanwa

Although outnumbered, Babur had a technological advantage over the Rajput forces. Cannons and muskets, hitherto unknown in the subcontinent, inflicted physical and psychological damage over the Rajputs. Their unfamiliarity with such weapons gave Babur the edge he needed to defeat Rana Sanga at Khanwa.

The Battle of Khanwa firmly established Mughal power in northern India by eliminating the threat of Rajputs. It also diffused the threat of the Afghan tribes that were still loyal to the old Lodi regime.  The battle of Khanwa consolidated the gains made during the first battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526. Although there would be a temporary setback to Mughal power under Humayun following the rise of the Suri Empire, but the Mughal dynasty would go on to rule India in the ensuing years.

Rana Sangha managed to survive the SILADI FIASCO at Khanwa, but the grand alliance he had built did not. It was shattered for good due to this battle. He died on 30^th January 1528, still yearning to fight against Babur to the bitter end.

Another consequence of the Battle of Khanwa was that the muskets and cannons would become a mainstay in many armies of the Indian subcontinent, Mughals or otherwise. Soon other kingdoms in India began to hire mercenaries to train their forces in gunpowder warfare and some even began to build their own cannons.

Tus, the BOW, and ARROWS, with LONG VALLAS, became the expired armaments  of  MILITARYWARFARE  in subcontinent. The battle of Khanwa  migrated the country to GUN POWDER warfare. This was the key influence of this battle.

WHAT, IF….

If Rana Siladi of Raisen wouldn’t have betrayed, may be  BATTLE OF KHANWA would have scripted a different chapter in  Indian History, changing the course of HISTORY itself..

 Reference:-

1.0 Babur Nama—English edition-  (Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge). Rupa publication, New Delhi.

2.0 Rajputs of Rajputana by historian M. S. Navarane.

3.0 Seven Mughal Wars-- https://nios.ac.in/